EAP Instruction for the Islamic Students in the Iranian Higher Education System: Challenges and Recommendations in the Courses of Islamic Text

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of English Language, Baqir Al-Olum University, Qom, Iran

2 Department of English Language, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia , Iran

3 Department of English Language, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Heydariyeh Branch, Torbat-e Heydariyeh, Iran

Abstract

English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is derived from the umbrella term ESP, which means to meet learners’ and employers’ needs. It has gained a noticeable role as a language of knowledge dissemination, which has developed into an ongoing need for the improvement of language proficiency among non-English major university students. This has highlighted the significance of EAP courses, which are dominant in the context of Iranian universities. Although there is a reasonable body of contemporary research in the realm of ESP/EAP instruction nationwide, much of the literature in the Iranian EAP setting has been concentrated mainly on quantitative survey-based or experimental studies examining the syllabus and teaching contents with little or no attention to the teaching methodology. Moreover, there is scant research on the body of current EAP literature demonstrating a holistic picture of the running courses in terms of syllabus and methodology in EAP. The present paper aims at shedding light on the existing status of EAP courses for Iranian Islamic students in the tertiary educational system of Islamic universities of Iran through a comprehensive review of some major studies conducted in the related realm. Furthermore, it examines some of the major challenges and criticisms levelled at EAP instruction and EAP courses for Islamic students in Iranian higher education, with a focus on two major dimensions: syllabus and teaching methodology. The paper concludes by giving some practical and pedagogical implications for EAP practitioners, emphasizing the role of teaching methodology, aiming to raise the practitioners’ awareness in promoting the efficiency of EAP courses.

Keywords

Main Subjects


©2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.

Abudhahir, R. A. S., Mahdun, M., & Nor, A. M. (2015). Needs analysis and material development in English for specific purposes in relation to English for Islamic studies: Analisa Keperluan dan Pembangunan Bahan Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggeris untuk Pengajian Islam. Journal of Management and Muamalah5(2), 55-63.
Ajideh, P. (2009). Autonomous learning and metacognitive strategies essentials in ESP class. English Language Teaching, 2(1), 162-168.
Al Faruqi, I.R. (1986). Toward Islamic English. Virginia: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Ashraf, R. M. (1997). The cultural implications of teaching English as a second or foreign language. Muslim Education Quarterly14(4), 4-19.
Atai, M. R.  & Nazari, O. (2011). Exploring Reading Comprehension Needs of Iranian EAP Students of Health Information Management (Him): A Triangulated Approach." System, 39(1), 30-43.
Atai, M. R., & Mazlum, F. (2013). English language teaching curriculum in Iran: Planning and practice. The Curriculum Journal, 24(3), 389-411.
Author, B. (2015). A needs analysis approach: An investigation of needs in an EAP context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(1), 58-65.
Author, B. (2015). Motivation Level: A Study on the Effect of an Authentic Context. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192(1), 15 – 25.
Author B., Naeini, M., B. & Rahimi, A. (2016). The impact of authentic context in an EAP setting on reading motivation. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal, 6(4), 134-153.
Author, Pandian, A., & Modirkhameneh, S. (2014). The impact of a strategies-based instruction on Iranian EAP students’ reading strategy use:  Developing strategic EAP readers. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 3(1), 92-99. 
Author, Pandian, A., & Modirkhameneh, S. (2014). Toward a learning-centered EAP instruction: An attempt to change students’ reading attitude. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(1), 39-45.
Basturkmen, H. (2006). Ideas and options for specific purposes. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown, J. D. (2006). Second language studies: Curriculum development. In K. Brown (ed. in chief), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed) (pp. 102-110), Oxford: Elsevier.
Carrell, P. L. (1996). Second language reading strategy training: What is the role of metacognition? Department of Applied Linguistics and ESL, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
Cohen, A. D. (1998). Strategies in learning and using a second language. New York, NY: Longman.
Dewi, R. S. 2012. Teaching EAP: A Professional Challenge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dominguez, G. A., & Rokowski, P. E. (2002). Bridging the gap between English for academic and occupational purposes. English or Specific Purposes World, 2 (1), 20-32.
Doudman, M. (2006). Investigating the problems of teaching/learning English in high schools of the Hormozgan province. (Unpublished MA thesis). Shiraz University- Shiraz.
Ellis, G, & Sinclair, B. (1989). Learning to learn English: A course in learner training. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Enisa, M. (2010). The effects of instruction of graphic organizers in terms of students’ attitudes toward reading in English. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 322-325.
Erfani, S.M., Iranmehr, A. & Davari, H. (2011). Deepening ESP reading comprehension through visualization. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 270-273.
Eslami, Z. R. (2010). Teachers’ voice vs. students’ voice: A needs analysis approach to English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in Iran. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 3-11.
Eslami-Rasekh. Z. (2005). The relevance and sociocultural significance of pragmatics for ESAP. In G. R. Kiany, & M. Khayyamdar, (Eds.). Proceedings of the First National ESP/EAP Conference, (pp. 57-80). Paper presented at the First National ESP/EAP Conference, Iran. Tehran: SAMT.
Farhady, H., Sajadi Hezaveh, F., & Hedayati, H. (2010). Reflections on foreign language education in Iran. TESL-EJ, 13(4), 1-18. Retrieved from http://www.tesl-ej.org
Fathi, V. (2008). The importance of materials design in ESP and EST. Paper presented in the Conference Titling Teaching and Literature in Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Retrieved from http://www. Academia.edu/371710/The_Importance_of_Materials_Design_In_ESP_and_EST
Flowerdew, J., & Peacock, M. (2001). Issues in EAP: A preliminary perspective. In Flowerdew, J., & Peacock, M. (Eds.). Research perspectives on English for academic purposes, (pp. 8-152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hamp-Lyons, L. (2011). English for Academic Purposes. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 89-105), New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
Harding, K. (2007). English for Specific Purposes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hassaskhah, J. (2005). From theory to practice: where is the missing link? In G.R. Kiany, & M. Khayyamdar, (Eds.). Proceedings of the First National ESP/EAP Conference (pp. 13-34). Paper presented at the First National ESP/EAP Conference, Iran, Tehran: SAMT.
Hayati, A. M. (2008). Teaching English for Special Purposes in Iran: Problems and suggestions. Arts & Humanities in Higher Education, 7(2), 149-164.
Hayati, A.M., & A. Mashhadi. (2010). Language planning and language-in-education policy in Iran. Language Problems and Language Planning, 34(1), 24–42.
High Council of Cultural Revolution. (2002). Investigation of ELT quality in Iran. Tehran: High Council of Cultural Revolution.
Huang, S. (2006). Reading English for academic purposes –What situational factors may motivate learners to read? System, 34(1), 371-383.
Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hyland, K. (2006). English for academic purposes: An advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.
Izzettin, K. (2010). The relationship between students’ reading comprehension achievement and their attitudes toward learning English and their abilities to use reading strategies with regard to hemispheric dominance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 144-151.
Jahangard, A. (2007). Evaluation of the EFL materials taught at Iranian high schools. The Asian EFL Journal, 9(2), 130–50.
Johnson, K., & Johnson, H. (2009). Foreign language course design. In K. Knapp, & B. Seidlhofer, (Eds.), Handbook of Foreign Language Communication and Learning, (pp. 309-340). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Jordan, R. R. (1997). English for academic purposes. Cambridge Books Online: Cambridge University Press.
Karimkhanlui, G. (2007). EAP and communicative use of language. English for Specific Purposes World, 2(15), 51-69.
Kiani, S. (2010). Attitudes toward English: The practice of teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in Iranian universities. Journal of the Pacific Circle Consortium for Education, 22(2), 77-88.
Lee, K.R. & Oxford, R. (2008). Understanding EFL learners’ strategy use and strategy awareness. Asian EFL Journal, 10(1), 7-32.
Mazdayasna, G., & Tahririan, M. H. (2008). Developing a profile of the ESP needs of Iranian students: The case of students of nursing and midwifery. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(4); 277-289.
Moghimizadeh, R. P. (2008). The study of syntactic avoidance on the written production of Persian university students majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia - Penang.
Nashruddin, W. (2015). Teaching English as a Foreign Language at" Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah": Facts and Challenges. Dinamika Ilmu15(1), 67-84.
Nunan, D. (2004). Task-based language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Ostbye, L. I. (1997). ESP in medical sciences: a multidimensional approach to syllabus design. In J. Pique, & D. J. Viera (Eds.). Applied languages: theory and practice in ESP, (pp. 93-106). D’aquesta edicio: Universitat de Valencia.
Pritchard, R. M. O., & Nasr, A. (2004). Improving reading performance among Egyptian engineering students: principles and practice. English for Specific Purposes, 23(1), 425-445.
Riazi, A. (2005). The four language stages in the history of Iran. In A.M.Y. Lin and P.W. Martin (Eds.), Decolonization, globalization: Language-in-education policy and practice, (pp. 98–114). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., Richards, J. C., & Renandya, W. A. (Eds.). (2002). Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
Rubin, J., Chamot, A. U., Harris, V, & Anderson, N. J. (2007). Intervening in the use of strategies. In A. D. Cohen & E. Macaro (Eds.), Language learner strategies: Thirty years of research and practice, (pp. 141-160). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Sameh, H. (2016). Islamic religious terms in English-translation vs. transliteration in Ezzeddin Ibrahim and Denys Johnson-Davies' translation of An-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths. Translation & Interpreting, The8(1), 117-132.
Smaihi, N. (2019). Designing a Syllabus for Teaching English to Islamic Studies: The Case of 3rd Year Undergraduate Students at Batna 1 University. Ouargla: University of Kasdi Merbah.
Soleimani, H. (2005). EAP in Iran: drawbacks of SAMT EAP textbooks. In, G. R. Kiany, & M. Khayyamdar, (Eds.). Proceedings of the First National ESP/EAP Conference (pp. 216-229). Paper presented at the First National ESP/EAP Conference, Iran. Tehran: SAMT.
Song, B. (2006). Content-based ESL instruction: long-term effects and outcomes. English for Specific Purposes Journal, 25(4), 420-437.
Spector-Cohen, E., Kirschner, M., & Wexler, C. (2001). Designing EAP reading courses at the University level. English for Specific Purposes Journal, 20(4), 367-386.
Stoller, F. L. (2016). EAP materials and tasks. In The Routledge handbook of English for academic purposes (pp. 601-615). London: Routledge.
Strevens, P. (1980). Teaching English as an international language: from practice to principle. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Tajadini, M. (2002). Syntactic errors and the application of rules of grammar-a study in contrastive syntax of English and Persian. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-India.
Talebinezhad, M. R., & Beniss, A. R. S. (2013). Non-academic L2 users: A neglected research pool in ELT in Iran. Linguistik online, 25(4), 20-35.‏
Tarnopolsky, O. (2009). Content-based internet-assisted ESP teaching to Ukrainian University students majoring in psychology. The Reading Matrix, 9(2), 184-197.
Tayebipour, F. (2005). The role of TEFL instructors vs. Specific-field instructors in ESP/EAP teaching. In G.R. Kiany, & M. Khayyamdar, (Eds.). Proceedings of the First National ESP/EAP Conference (pp. 219-234). Paper presented at the First National ESP/EAP Conference, Iran. Tehran: SAMT.
Tomlinson. (2003). ‘Materials Evaluation’ in B. Tomlinson (ed.). Developing
Materials for Language Teaching
. London: Continuum Press.
Tomlinson, B., & Masuhara, H. (2004). Developing language course materials.
Singapore: SEAMEO.
Wahyudi, R. (2014). New insights of ESP from Indonesian Islamic University: lessons from textbook evaluation and ethnography as method. English for Specific Purposes World44(15), 1-23.